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2 comments about Semiotics of Peasants in Transition: Slovene Villagers and Their Ethnic Relatives in America (Sound and Meaning: The Roman Jakobson Series in Linguistics and Poetics).

1. In her book "Semiotics of Peasants in Transition: Slovene Villagers and Their Ethnic Relatives in America," Irene Portis-Winner presents a significant semiotic study that, unlike many previous semiotic studies limited to the analysis of discourse alone, traverses multiple dimensions of cultural texts. Portis-Winner's study comprises a three-decade long fieldwork analysis of transnational and ethnic qualities binding two communities: that of the little peasant village of Žerovnica, Slovenia, and its emigrant population in Cleveland, Ohio and Hibbing, Minnesota. Special attention is also awarded to the question of ethnicity and ethnographer's or author's voice in ethnographic studies. The study considers a broad range of polysemous, multi-vocal, and polyindexical values of cultural texts unbound by time-space continuum, which in turn prompt the author to redefine ethnicity as a dynamic entity not limited by "timeless essence" of individuals but rather free of eternal verity too often ascribed to societies.
   The complexity that defines ethnic culture and transnationalism is illustrated through a variety of cultural texts throughout the book. These texts range from: official to non-official history of the area and the villagers, everyday life, beliefs, traditions, economy, power and domination struggle, continuous revival and change of traditions and customs, and how they index the significance of signs. Portis-Winner's study is heuristic in nature because it employs a method that involves finding out what happens within a cultural text, rather then merely being told. The theme of Lotman's unconquerable boundary-crossing cultural hero is carried throughout the book as it is uncovered from personal interviews of reflexive narratives, and interpretive, double-voicing, accounts of the extended human sign.
   Chapter 1 (3-27) provides a brief introduction to the economic, social, and geographic properties of Žerovnica, as well as of its landscape, landmarks and inhabitants during the first fieldwork study in the 1960s. The question of inner versus outer (non-member) point of view immediately surfaces as the author warns that the immediate peaceful impression of a harmonious village and its inhabitants is positively deceptive. Tension-ridden relations amongst villagers are discussed and traced to the communist rule and its goal to obliterate peasant autonomy and traditions that were considered a threat to the conglomerate whole. The Chapter also informs of the pervasive hardship and exploitation of the peasants, as well as the imminent impact of global modernization on the village structure following the Slovenia's declaration of independence in 1991.
   The author's initial impression of a harmonious community changes after she has spent time within the ethnic community and has gained insight into their traditions and practices. Portis-Winner fervently argues that accuracy of an ethonographer's research relies heavily upon his or her ability to become a quasi-member of the group under investigation. She effectively accomplishes this task through a continuous exposure to a variety of ethnic texts, amongst others, modeling her conclusions after many member perspectives. I consider "Semiotics of Peasants in Transition: Slovene Villagers and Their Ethnic Relatives in America" a testament to the importance of efficient ethnographic work and applaud Portis-Winner's efforts to provide us with such a valuable study.
   The last part of Chapter 1 offers a taste of juxtaposition between the member-perceived vibrant and active life of the Slovene emigrant community in Cleveland, their clearly marked attachments to their Slovene village, and the deteriorating, tension-ridden, and mistrustful community of Žerovnica. An initial introduction is made to the changing semiotic aspects of objects and signs brought along by the migrants to the New World. Portis-Winner argues that semiotic changes, from practical to emotive and aesthetic, serve to reinforce the ethnic identity of Slovene Americans.
   Part II (28-74) comprises of Chapters 2 through 4. In this section, Portis-Winner provides a rich account of issues pertaining to traditional terminology (with respect to culture, ethnicity, identity and transnationalism) relevant for the understanding of the study at hand. Chapter 3 (43-49) is dedicated to a significant and recurring issue of non-member interpretation of cultural texts and modes of unearthing the communicative objects that are significant in the construction of an inner point of view. Portis-Winner warns about the problem of authorial interpretation of traditions and customs, their usage and changes. She advocates the inner point of view as essential in ethnographic research because it may have different realities and coherence, therefore rendering the uni-dimensional authorial view at best inaccurate and at worst overly simplistic.
   Chapter 4 (50-74) offers a detailed overview and discussion of theoretical and practical issues pertaining to ethnographic studies over the decades. It spans views and attitudes of many semiotically-oriented scholars from Saussure, Peirce, The Prague Linguistic Circle headed by Jakobson, Moscow-Tartu School and Bakhtin, to Lotman and others. Each subsection of the chapter introduces a new stance of one of the above-mentioned authors with respect to the analysis and attitudes toward cultural texts. Special attention is afforded to the concepts of sign, symbol, and index; polysemy or mutlivocality of texts; everyday behavior; context (heteroglossia); perception and interpretation of history; as well as the undeniable role of power, which often forces cultural significance onto signs. Portis-Winner substantiates her synopsis with a much-needed critique of the semioticians' attitudes, their respective problems or benefits toward a more wholesome ethnographic study. Reader should be warn that previous knowledge and familiarity with the subject matter are indispensable in understanding of Part II, which is not suited for an average reader.



2. Part III (75-124) includes Chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 (77-105) revisits the economic, cultural and geographic landscape of the village. Portis-Winner offers a detailed account of historical events of the Slovene people. She draws on official records, community's view of future, and survey of cultural texts (recollections, beliefs, tales, myths, autobiographies, and changing beliefs and object meanings), to successfully extrapolate the inner point of view. Chapter 5 concludes with an account of a changing value system in the peasant village.
   Chapter 6 (106-124) discusses the immigrant community in Cleveland, Ohio, and should be of great interest to a linguist as it addresses the bilingual aspect of Slovene American culture. The immigrant population shows great attachment to their mother tongue, which has undergone phonological, lexical, and grammatical changes under the influence of a new environment. Portis-Winner delineates member attitudes toward the Slovene language over several migrant generations. Much of Slovene American communication is marked by code switching especially within second generation immigrants. The third generation immigrants however are said to have initially shown embarrassment at their grandparents speaking Slovenian, but later that there was some indication of the younger generation's interest in the revival of the language.
   The rest of Chapter 6 elaborates on the survival and upward movement of the Slovene community. The success is ascribed to the traditional values the immigrants brought with them: stubbornness, ingenuity, hard work, loyalty to their tradition, generosity, discipline, honesty and responsibility toward family, kin, and country. Portis-Winner recounts several immigrant narratives, which, she persuasively argues, shed light on the ethnic culture as a part of a larger cultural context. The stories are significant in that they provide reference to the experience and points of view of the Slovene migrant. The indication of transformation is present in a variety of signs, verbal and non-verbal, and may be evidenced in the meaning and significance change for the original signs, the change that points to the similarities and differences between one's ethnic culture and the new environment.
   Part IV (125-155) subsumes Chapters 7 and 8. Chapter 7 (127-151) surveys the major social and economic changes that bear heavily on the social and psychological state of the two communities in juxtaposition. Portis-Winner shows that global modernization has had an opposing impact on the elder generations between the two communities, while showing much affinity in the impact on the youth. Changes in values and traditions between and within these ethnic communities serve to support Portis-Winner's claim about the dynamic nature of ethnicity, boundaries of which are expanded, crossed, and re-evaluated on constant basis. By analogy, ethnic narrators in this study are seen as human signs indexing ethnicity -- an intertextual and interwoven phenomenon that comprises a complexity of identities. The author further equates ethnic actors with actors in a theater, both of which, she claims, are able to move from one world to another and therefore become transfigured or transnational.
   Portis-Winner concludes the book in Chapter 8 (153-155) with a discussion of polysemous and polyfunctional nature of cultural texts. The two main points, which I derive from her study, can be encapsulated in the following thought: 1.) in order for ethnographic studies to be of value, ethnographers must work to unearth the inner point of view and formulate their conclusions after having considered a network of cultural texts, and 2.) every culture and its ethnic identity are amalgams of polysemous and polyfunctional properties of its cultural texts, which are dynamic in nature, and no view of `society' holds permanently true across time and space. Which way a tradition is going to be impacted is unpredictable. Some values and traditions may be maintained, other lost, and still many simply altered to reflect and adapt to the changes of the new environment and the new times.
   This book provides a fine synopsis of the essential aspects of a thorough ethnographic study. Portis-Winner set out to conduct a heuristic ethnographic fieldwork study, which in turn provided her with the necessary experience to help define criteria for a better way of conducting ethnographic research. She accomplishes this by intimately studying two related ethnic groups during a span of 30 years. The longitudinal study affords her a quasi-insider perspective of the ethnic group and provides access to invaluable ethnic sources. This is exactly the strength of her approach and only enhances our trust in her evaluation. Because of its multi-disciplinary nature, "Semiotics of Peasants in Transition: Slovene Villagers and Their Ethnic Relatives in America" should be of interest to semioticians, ethnographers, as well as linguists and linguistic anthropologists. I also highly recommend this book to a common reader, who will find the nostalgic essence of the migrants all too familiar.
   [Tamara Grivièiæ, University of Colorado, Boulder]

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1 comments about Talk Now! Slovenian.

1. I purchased this item since I will be going to Slovenia this fall. The cd has been helpful in learning basic phrases - one can hear a woman and a man say the say owrds. There is also the opportunity to connect a microphone to your computer and have your pronounciation reviewed. It has met my need.

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2 comments about Feast: Poems.

1. A slow beginning to the book, and to some degree, it rings with that American, competitive, referential, historo-hype you get from great foreign writers who, all of the sudden, find themselves in Radio City Poetry Hall because the academy-entrenched poets feel obliged/committed to placing medals on them and getting them BIGHOUSE publications for their profound simplicity and historical signifincance despite whether or not they truly beleive in them and their art. Salamun is a tribal artist, the only kind of artist, and I know that what I instinctually feel is missing from half the poems is his inability to take greater risks, to do what he does best--- to leave the world of poetry in its mess of political debris and sing without question the mystery of objectivity and the beauty of discovering the self without self consciousness. His tribe is growing...smaller or larger makes no difference.

   Still, Feast is much better than 98% of what we find in the bighouse.

   "I", "Bosporus", and "I Smell Horses in Poland" is where he's really present. Don't hesitate in deciding about the book for; "Whoever eats from the Tree of Life loses all his sins"(p.9)




2. I have no idea what a prior reviewer is referring to when he talks about Salamun finding himself in "Radio City Poetry Hall," or the "BIGHOUSE" (seems the reviewer is caught in his own "referential historo-hype"). Anyway, this is a very satisfying book...for a certain kind of reader.
   
   If you like your poems rational, if you like them unified, if you like or require a coherant voice, elegant arguments, recognizable poetic conventions, traditional tropes, a story or backstory, then you may find yourself frustrated.
   
   Salamun draws from a range of avante-garde traditions (including Rimbaud, Apollinaire, Artaud, the Surrealists, Russian Futurism, Frank O'Hara and the New York School) whose thrust is splitting up the unified poem into shining bits, (sort of like how a mirror is less useful but far more interesting after a baseball is thrown into it).
   
   His poems tend to advance via disconnected or surreally connected images, associative lists, absurd questions and propositions, and an almost arbitrary jotting of events and mental ephemera; some examples:
   
   "Artaud was throwing up, Artaud was killing / himself. I'd like to dance in the disco again."
   
   "On that white paper. Are there / no traces of saliva? Does nothing take leave, / does nothing die? No traces of sea froth?"
   
   "Muzzles kept // falling around thighs like foxes. They solidified / into ceramics. Ceramics are the eyes of cathedrals. Under / the foot of every elephant is an eye. The eye is harder // than the fan. The pheasant covers your // eyes. Its chest is a thick plank.'
   
   "In the heart a bullet, in the bullet an ape, / in the ape a plant, in the plant a mirror."
   
   The delight (my delight at any rate) in reading Salamun is the sudden, often jarring, turns of image and tone and perception, the constantly and elusively changing thought process, the madcap unreliability of the speaker, and the profound terrible and intimate moments that such a speaker can take us to:
   
   "Yesterday was / a midsummer day. A friend's child / died before being born."
   
   "As I walk the town / I notice every prey about to ripen."
   
   "Little hen pigeons are still, / you keep them safe by breathing."
   
   "A field of hounds, of emperors / on horseback, of drowning deer."